Anti-liberal Liberals, the Nation and Liberal Antisemitism

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

Liberalism, Antisemitism, Nationalism, Capitalism, Dialectic of Enlightenment, Critical Theory, Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Treitschke

Resumen

Starting from a discussion of remarks on liberalism in Horkheimer and Adorno’s ‘Elements of Antisemitism’ in Dialectic of Enlightenment, Stoetzler explores the relationship between liberalism, nationalism and antisemitism, using as source material an emblematic discussion among German liberals around 1880 known as the ‘Berlin Antisemitism Dispute’. In this dispute, leading political and academic figures including Theodor Mommsen, Moritz Lazarus and Ludwig Bamberger responded to anti-Jewish remarks by the historian and National-Liberal politician Heinrich von Treitschke. Treitschke’s texts have been central to the development of modern antisemitism in Germany, while analysis of the debate they provoked illustrates the limitations of the liberal critique of antisemitism. The article suggests that both Treitschke’s support for antisemitism and the ambivalence evident in the views of his opponents are rooted in the contradiction between inclusionary and exclusionary tendencies inherent in the nation-form: to the extent that liberal society constitutes itself in the form of a national state, it cannot but strive to produce some degree of homogeneity of a national culture, which in turn cannot be separated from issues of morality and religion. Discussion of the ‘Berlin Antisemitism Dispute’ can help interpreting an important dimension of Horkheimer and Adorno’s ‘Elements of Antisemitism’ and putting both together to work for current debates on crucial aspects of liberal thought such as nationalism, patriotism, ethnic minorities, immigration and ‘multicultural society’, in addition to antisemitism.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

ABRAHAM, Gary A. (1992): Max Weber and the Jewish Question, A Study of the Social Outlook of his Sociology (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press).

ADORNO, Theodor W and Max Horkheimer (1997): Dialectic of Enlightenment, translated by John Cumming (London: Verso).

ADORNO, Theodor W. (1978): Minima Moralia, Reflections from Damaged Life, translated by E.F.N Jephcott. London: Verso.

ARBLASTER, Anthony (1984): The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism. London: Blackwell.

BALIBAR, Etienne and Immanuel Wallerstein (1991): Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. Translations of Etienne Balibar by Chris Turner. London: Verso.

BAMBERGER, Ludwig (1965 [1880]): ‘Deutschtum und Judentum (Germanity and Judaism)’, in: Boehlich, Antisemitismusstreit, 149-79.

BREUILLY, John (1992): ‘The national idea in modern German history’, in idem, ed., The State of Germany, The national idea in the making, unmaking and remaking of a modern nation-state. London: Longman, 1-28.

BRUBAKER, Rogers (1992): Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge [Mass.]: Harvard University Press.

BRUBAKER, Rogers (1999): ‘The Manichaean Myth: Rethinking the Distinction between “Civic” and “Ethnic” Nationalism’, in: Hanspeter Kriesi; Klaus Armingeon; Hannes Siegrist; Andreas Wimmer, eds., Nation and National Identity. The European Experience in Perspective. Zürich: Verlag Rüegger, 55-71.

BURNETT, Jonathan (2004): ‘Community, Cohesion and the State’, in: Race & Class 45:3, 1-18.

CLAUSSEN, Detlev (1987): Vom Judenhass zum Antisemitismus, Materialien einer verleugneten Geschichte. Darmstadt: Luchterhand.

Die Deutsche Wacht, Monatsschrift für nationale Kulturinteressen – Organ der antijüdischen Vereinigung (‘The German Guard, A Monthly for National Cultural Interest – Organ of the anti-Jewish Association’).

FINE, Robert (1994): ‘The “New Nationalism” and Democracy: A Critique of Pro Patria.’ Democratization 1, no. 3, 432–43.

GRAY, John. 1998. Enlightenment’s Wake: Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age, London: Routledge.

HALL, Stuart (2000): ‘Conclusion: The Multi-cultural Question’. In: Barnor Hesse, ed., Un/settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, Transruptions. London: Zed, 209–41.

HAMBURGER, Ernest (1968): Juden im öffentlichen Leben Deutschlands, Regierungsmitglieder, Beamte und Parlamentarier in der monarchischen Zeit 1848-1918. Tübingen: Mohr.

HEGEL, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1955 [1830]): Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte, Band 1: Die Vernunft in der Geschichte. Hamburg: Meiner.

Hoffmann, Christhard (1988): Juden und Judentum im Werk deutscher Althistoriker des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Leiden: Brill.

HOLLOWAY, John (2002): Change the World without Taking Power, The Meaning of Revolution Today. London: Pluto Press.

HORKHEIMER, Max; Theodor W. ADORNO (1987 [1947]): Dialektik der Aufklärung. Philosophische Fragmente. In: Horkheimer, Max, Gesammelte Schriften Bd. 5, Hrsg. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 11–290.

HORKHEIMER, Max; Theodor W. ADORNO (2002 [1947]): Dialectic of Enlightenment, Philosophical Fragments. Ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr, trans. Edmund Jephcott. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

JACOBY, Russell (1999): The End of Utopia, Politics and Culture in an Age of Apathy. New York: Basis Books.

JARAUSCH, Konrad H.; Larry Eugene JONES (1990): ‘German Liberalism reconsidered, Inevitable Decline, Bourgeois Hegemony or Partial Achievement?’, in: eidem [eds.]: In Search of a Liberal Germany, Studies in the History of German Liberalism from 1789 to the present. New York/Oxford/Munich: Berg, 1-23.

KATZ, Jacob (1972): Emancipation and Assimilation, Studies in Modern Jewish History. Westmead: Gregg International.

KRIEGER, Leonard (1957): The German Idea of Freedom. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

LANGER, Ulrich (1998): Heinrich von Treitschke: Politische Biographie eines deutschen Nationalisten. Düsseldorf: Droste.

LANGEWIESCHE, Dieter (2000): Liberalism in Germany, translated by Christiane Banerji. Houndmills: Macmillan.

LAZARUS, Moritz (1880): Was heisst national? Ein Vortrag (What does national mean? A Lecture). Berlin: Dümmlers.

LAZARUS, Moritz (2008 [1880]): ‘What does national mean? A Lecture’. In: Stoetzler, State, Nation, Jews, 317-359.

LLOYD, David and Paul Thomas (1998): Culture and the State. New York/London: Routledge.

MARX, Anthony W. (2003): Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

MASSING, Paul W. (1949): Rehearsal for Destruction, A study of political anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany. New York: Harper & Brothers.

MEGAY, Edward N. (1958): ‘Treitschke reconsidered. The Hegelian Tradition of German Liberalism’, in: Midwest Journal of Political Science 2, 298-317.

MEYER, Michael (1966): ‘Great debate on Antisemitism, Jewish reaction to new hostility in Germany 1879-1881’, in: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 11, 137–70.

MOMMSEN, Theodor (1965 [1880]): ‘Auch ein Wort über unser Judenthum (Another Word about Our Jewry)’, in: Boehlich, Antisemitismusstreit, 210-25.

MOMMSEN, Theodor (1857): Römische Geschichte III (second edition). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.

MOSSE, George L. (1987): ‘German Jews and Liberalism in retrospect, Introduction to Year Book XXXII’, in: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 32, xiii-xxv.

NAUDH (1965 [1880]): ‘Professoren über Israel: Von Treitschke und Breßlau’. In Der Berliner Antisemitismusstreit, ed. Walter Boehlich, 180–202.

NIETHAMMER, Lutz and Axel DOSSMANN (2000): Kollektive Identität, Heimliche Quellen einer unheimlichen Konjunktur. Reinbek: Rowohlt.

NIRENBERG, David (2013): Anti-Judaism. The history of a way of thinking. London: Head of Zeus Books.

NOTABLES, the. (1965 [1880]): ‘Erklärung’ (Declaration of the Notables). In: Walter Boehlich (ed.), Der Berliner Antisemitismusstreit (Frankfurt/M: insel), 202-204.

OPPENHEIM, Heinrich Bernhardt (1880): ‘Stöcker und Treitschke’. In: Die Gegenwart 17:1, January 3.

PAREKH, Bhikhu (1998): ‘Integrating minorities’. In: Tessa Blackstone; Bikhu Parekh; Peter Sanders, eds., Race Relations in Britain, A developing agenda. London and New York: Routledge, 1–21.

POOLE, Ross (1991): Morality and Modernity. London: Routledge.

POSTONE, Moishe, and Barbara BRICK (1993): ‘Critical Theory and Political Economy’. In: Seyla Benhabib, Wolfgang Bonss, and John McCole, eds. On Max Horkheimer: New Perspectives. Cambridge: MIT Press, 215–56.

POSTONE, Moishe (2003): ‘The Holocaust and the Trajectory of the Twentieth Century’, in: Moishe Postone and Eric Santner, eds., Catastrophe and Meaning, The Holocaust and the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 81–114.

PULZER, Peter (1988): The Rise of political anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.

RAPHAEL, Frederic (1990): ‘The necessity of antisemitism’, Jewish Quarterly, 37:1, 26-34.

REEMTSMA, Jan Philipp (1992): ‘Die Falle des Antirassismus’, in his u.a. Falun, Reden und Aufsätze. Berlin: Bittermann, 303–22.

ROSENBERG, Arthur (1930): ‘Treitschke und die Juden. Zur Soziologie der deutschen akademischen Reaktion’. In: Die Gesellschaft. Internationale Revue für Sozialismus und Politik, 7,2: 78–83.

RUGGIERO, Guido de (1981[1927]): The History of European Liberalism, translated by R. G. Collingwood. Gloucester [Mass.]: Peter Smith.

SALECKER, Hans Joachim (1999): Der Liberalismus und die Erfahrung der Differenz. ?ber die Bedingungen der Integration der Juden in Deutschland. Berlin und Bodenheim: Philo.

SEWELL Jr, William H. (1994): A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution, The Abbé Sieyes and What is the Third Estate? Durham and London: Duke University Press.

SLEZKINE, Yuri (2004): The Jewish Century. Princeton University Press.

STOETZLER, Marcel (ed.) (2014): Antisemitism and the Constitution of Sociology, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2008a): ‘Cultural difference in the national state: from trouser-selling Jews to unbridled multiculturalism’, in: Patterns of Prejudice 42:3, pp. 245-79.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2008b): The State, the Nation and the Jews, Liberalism and the Antisemitism Dispute in Bismarck’s Germany, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2009): ‘Liberal Society, Emancipation, and Antisemitism, Why current debates on Antisemitism need more Dialectic of Enlightenment’, in: Giacchetti, Stefano (ed.), Nostalgia for a Redeemed Future, Newark (The John Cabot University Press/ The University of Delaware Press), pp. 145-60.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2014): ‘Moritz Lazarus und die liberale Kritik an Heinrich von Treitschkes liberalem Antisemitismus‘, in: Hans-Joachim Hahn and Olaf Kistenmacher, eds., Beschreibungsversuche der Judenfeindschaft, Berlin and Boston: de Gruyter (Europäisch-Jüdische Studien. Beiträge), pp. 98-120.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2018): ‘Dialectic of Enlightenment. Philosophical Fragments’, in Best, Beverley; Werner Bonefeld; Chris O’Kane (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Frankfurt School Critical Theory, vol. 1, 142-160.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2019a): ‘Wer aber von der Geschichte des Subjekts nicht reden will, sollte auch vom Kapitalismus schweigen. Zur Radikalität der Dialektik der Aufklärung’, in Schmid Noerr, Gunzelin and Eva-Maria Ziege, eds., Zur Kritik der regressiven Vernunft. Beiträge zur "Dialektik der Aufklärung", Wiesbaden: Springer VS, pp. 163-180.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2019b): ‘Learning from the power of things: labour, civilization and emancipation in Horkheimer and Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment’, Marxism 21, 16:2, pp. 210-235.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2019c): ‘Capitalism, the nation and societal corrosion: notes on “left-wing antisemitism”’, in Journal of Social Justice 9, pp. 1-45.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2021a): ‘Capitalismo, nación y corrosión social: notas sobre el “antisemitismo de izquierda”’, in: Bajo el volcán, revista del posgrado de sociologia de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Año 2, número 4 digital, 327-359.

STOETZLER, Marcel (2021b): ‘Rightshift: the white fight against “the progressive storyline”. Review of Kaufmann, Eric, 2019, Whiteshift. Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities, Penguin’, in Patterns of Prejudice, online first, May 11.

STOETZLER, Marcel and Christine ACHINGER (2013): ‘German Modernity, Barbarous Slavs and Profit-seeking Jews: The Cultural Racism of Nationalist Liberals’, Nations and Nationalism 19:4, pp. 739-760.

TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de (2002 [1840]): Democracy in America. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Della Winthrop. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

TREITSCHKE, Heinrich von (1874): ‘Der Sozialismus und seine Gönner [Socialism and its benefactors]’. In: Preussische Jahrbücher 34, 67-110).

TREITSCHKE, Heinrich von (1896): Deutsche Kämpfe Neue Folge, Schriften zur Tagespolitik. Leipzig: Hirzel.

VIERHAUS, Rudolf (1982): ‘Liberalismus’, in: Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe vol. 3, 741-85.

WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel (1995): After Liberalism. New York: The New Press.

YACK, Bernard (1996): ‘The Myth of the Civic Nation’, in Critical Review 10(2), 193-211.

ZIEGE, Eva-Maria (2002): Mythische Kohärenz. Diskursanalyse des völkischen Antisemitismus. Konstanz: UVK Verlag.

Descargas

Publicado

2022-01-08

Cómo citar

Stoetzler, M. (2022). Anti-liberal Liberals, the Nation and Liberal Antisemitism. Constelaciones. Revista De Teoría Crítica, (13). Recuperado a partir de https://constelaciones-rtc.net/article/view/4501